标签：操作系统

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文章标签 ‘操作系统’

修改Ubuntu启动菜单 - 使XP变为默认操作系统

2007年11月29日渴慕晨光没有评论

装了Ubuntu和XP双系统后，变得很麻烦，每次都得在启动菜单上选来选去，浪费了不少时间，而且万一那次想进windows，结果开机的时候忘记了，那就更加令人头疼了。
想修改使XP成为默认的操作系统，其实很简单，修改 /boot/grub/menu.lst 文件，使其中default值变动一下即可。
过程如下：

1、打开命令行终端；
2、输入：
sudo cp /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/menu.lst.bak //第一句做备份用。
sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst
3、假设文件内容如下：
======================================
# menu.lst - See: grub(8), info grub, update-grub(8)
#            grub-install(8), grub-floppy(8),
#            grub-md5-crypt, /usr/share/doc/grub
#            and /usr/share/doc/grub-doc/.

## default num
# Set the default entry to the entry number NUM. Numbering starts from 0, and
# the entry number 0 is the default if the command is not used.
#
# You can specify 'saved' instead of a number. In this case, the default entry
# is the entry saved with the command 'savedefault'.
# WARNING: If you are using dmraid do not change this entry to 'saved' or your
# array will desync and will not let you boot your system.
default 6

## timeout sec
# Set a timeout, in SEC seconds, before automatically booting the default entry
# (normally the first entry defined).
timeout 10

## hiddenmenu
# Hides the menu by default (press ESC to see the menu)
#hiddenmenu

# Pretty colours
#color cyan/blue white/blue

## password ['--md5'] passwd
# If used in the first section of a menu file, disable all interactive editing
# control (menu entry editor and command-line) and entries protected by the
# command 'lock'
# e.g. password topsecret
# password --md5 $1$gLhU0/$aW78kHK1QfV3P2b2znUoe/
# password topsecret

#
# examples
#
# title        Windows 95/98/NT/2000
# root        (hd0,0)
# makeactive
# chainloader    +1
#
# title        Linux
# root        (hd0,1)
# kernel    /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda2 ro
#

#
# Put static boot stanzas before and/or after AUTOMAGIC KERNEL LIST

### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST
## lines between the AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST markers will be modified
## by the debian update-grub script except for the default options below

## DO NOT UNCOMMENT THEM, Just edit them to your needs

## ## Start Default Options ##
## default kernel options
## default kernel options for automagic boot options
## If you want special options for specific kernels use kopt_x_y_z
## where x.y.z is kernel version. Minor versions can be omitted.
## e.g. kopt=root=/dev/hda1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8=root=/dev/hdc1 ro
## kopt_2_6_8_2_686=root=/dev/hdc2 ro
# kopt=root=UUID=2d1136cb-416a-4329-8c6d-703537a2d578 ro

## Setup crashdump menu entries
## e.g. crashdump=1
# crashdump=0

## default grub root device
## e.g. groot=(hd0,0)
# groot=(hd0,7)

## should update-grub create alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. alternative=true
## alternative=false
# alternative=true

## should update-grub lock alternative automagic boot options
## e.g. lockalternative=true
## lockalternative=false
# lockalternative=false

## additional options to use with the default boot option, but not with the
## alternatives
## e.g. defoptions=vga=791 resume=/dev/hda5
# defoptions=quiet splash locale=zh_CN

## should update-grub lock old automagic boot options
## e.g. lockold=false
## lockold=true
# lockold=false

## Xen hypervisor options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenhopt=

## Xen Linux kernel options to use with the default Xen boot option
# xenkopt=console=tty0

## altoption boot targets option
## multiple altoptions lines are allowed
## e.g. altoptions=(extra menu suffix) extra boot options
## altoptions=(recovery) single
# altoptions=(recovery mode) single

## controls how many kernels should be put into the menu.lst
## only counts the first occurence of a kernel, not the
## alternative kernel options
## e.g. howmany=all
## howmany=7
# howmany=all

## should update-grub create memtest86 boot option
## e.g. memtest86=true
## memtest86=false
# memtest86=true

## should update-grub adjust the value of the default booted system
## can be true or false
# updatedefaultentry=false

## ## End Default Options ##

title        Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-16-generic
root        (hd0,7)
kernel        /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-16-generic root=UUID=2d1136cb-416a-4329-8c6d-703537a2d578 ro quiet splash locale=zh_CN
initrd        /boot/initrd.img-2.6.20-16-generic
quiet
savedefault

title        Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-16-generic (recovery mode)
root        (hd0,7)
kernel        /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-16-generic root=UUID=2d1136cb-416a-4329-8c6d-703537a2d578 ro single
initrd        /boot/initrd.img-2.6.20-16-generic

title        Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-15-generic
root        (hd0,7)
kernel        /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-15-generic root=UUID=2d1136cb-416a-4329-8c6d-703537a2d578 ro quiet splash locale=zh_CN
initrd        /boot/initrd.img-2.6.20-15-generic
quiet
savedefault

title        Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-15-generic (recovery mode)
root        (hd0,7)
kernel        /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-15-generic root=UUID=2d1136cb-416a-4329-8c6d-703537a2d578 ro single
initrd        /boot/initrd.img-2.6.20-15-generic

title        Ubuntu, memtest86+
root        (hd0,7)
kernel        /boot/memtest86+.bin
quiet

### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST

# This is a divider, added to separate the menu items below from the Debian
# ones.
title Other operating systems:
root

# This entry automatically added by the Debian installer for a non-linux OS
# on /dev/sda1
title        Microsoft Windows XP Professional
root        (hd0,0)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader    +1
-------------------------------------------------------------
原本的default值为0，意即启动排行第一的操作系统，这里代表的就是title        Ubuntu, kernel 2.6.20-16-generic。
现在把它修改成“default 6”，那么XP就成为默认的操作系统了。
因为从零数起，以title打头的Microsoft Windows XP Professional这一行排序为6。
还可以通过修改timeout的值来变更默认等待时间。

分类: 电脑知识标签: ubuntu, windows, 操作系统

php取得客户端(浏览器/IP/操作系统) 信息

2007年10月15日渴慕晨光没有评论

把下面的代码保存成类.

PHP代码

<?php class clientGetObj
{
function getBrowse()
{
global $_SERVER;
$Agent = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
$browser = '';
$browserver = '';
$Browser = array('Lynx', 'MOSAIC', 'AOL', 'Opera', 'JAVA', 'MacWeb', 'WebExplorer', 'OmniWeb');
for($i = 0; $i <= 7; $i ++){
if(strpos($Agent, $Browsers[$i])){
$browser = $Browsers[$i];
$browserver = '';
}
}
if(ereg('Mozilla', $Agent) && !ereg('MSIE', $Agent)){
$temp = explode('(', $Agent);
$Part = $temp[0];
$temp = explode('/', $Part);
$browserver = $temp[1];
$temp = explode(' ', $browserver);
$browserver = $temp[0];
$browserver = preg_replace('/([d.]+)/', '1', $browserver);
$browserver = $browserver;
$browser = 'Netscape Navigator';
}
if(ereg('Mozilla', $Agent) && ereg('Opera', $Agent)) {
$temp = explode('(', $Agent);
$Part = $temp[1];
$temp = explode(')', $Part);
$browserver = $temp[1];
$temp = explode(' ', $browserver);
$browserver = $temp[2];
$browserver = preg_replace('/([d.]+)/', '1', $browserver);
$browserver = $browserver;
$browser = 'Opera';
}
if(ereg('Mozilla', $Agent) && ereg('MSIE', $Agent)){
$temp = explode('(', $Agent);
$Part = $temp[1];
$temp = explode(';', $Part);
$Part = $temp[1];
$temp = explode(' ', $Part);
$browserver = $temp[2];
$browserver = preg_replace('/([d.]+)/','1',$browserver);
$browserver = $browserver;
$browser = 'Internet Explorer';
}
if($browser != ''){
$browseinfo = $browser.' '.$browserver;
} else {
$browseinfo = false;
}
return $browseinfo;
}
function getIP ()
{
global $_SERVER;
if (getenv('HTTP_CLIENT_IP')) {
$ip = getenv('HTTP_CLIENT_IP');
} else if (getenv('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')) {
$ip = getenv('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR');
} else if (getenv('REMOTE_ADDR')) {
$ip = getenv('REMOTE_ADDR');
} else {
$ip = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
}
return $ip;
}
function getOS ()
{
global $_SERVER;
$agent = $_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'];
$os = false;
if (eregi('win', $agent) && strpos($agent, '95')){
$os = 'Windows 95';
}
else if (eregi('win 9x', $agent) && strpos($agent, '4.90')){
$os = 'Windows ME';
}
else if (eregi('win', $agent) && ereg('98', $agent)){
$os = 'Windows 98';
}
else if (eregi('win', $agent) && eregi('nt 5.1', $agent)){
$os = 'Windows XP';
}
else if (eregi('win', $agent) && eregi('nt 5', $agent)){
$os = 'Windows 2000';
}
else if (eregi('win', $agent) && eregi('nt', $agent)){
$os = 'Windows NT';
}
else if (eregi('win', $agent) && ereg('32', $agent)){
$os = 'Windows 32';
}
else if (eregi('linux', $agent)){
$os = 'Linux';
}
else if (eregi('unix', $agent)){
$os = 'Unix';
}
else if (eregi('sun', $agent) && eregi('os', $agent)){
$os = 'SunOS';
}
else if (eregi('ibm', $agent) && eregi('os', $agent)){
$os = 'IBM OS/2';
}
else if (eregi('Mac', $agent) && eregi('PC', $agent)){
$os = 'Macintosh';
}
else if (eregi('PowerPC', $agent)){
$os = 'PowerPC';
}
else if (eregi('AIX', $agent)){
$os = 'AIX';
}
else if (eregi('HPUX', $agent)){
$os = 'HPUX';
}
else if (eregi('NetBSD', $agent)){
$os = 'NetBSD';
}
else if (eregi('BSD', $agent)){
$os = 'BSD';
}
else if (ereg('OSF1', $agent)){
$os = 'OSF1';
}
else if (ereg('IRIX', $agent)){
$os = 'IRIX';
}
else if (eregi('FreeBSD', $agent)){
$os = 'FreeBSD';
}
else if (eregi('teleport', $agent)){
$os = 'teleport';
}
else if (eregi('flashget', $agent)){
$os = 'flashget';
}
else if (eregi('webzip', $agent)){
$os = 'webzip';
}
else if (eregi('offline', $agent)){
$os = 'offline';
}
else {
$os = 'Unknown';
}
return $os;
}
}?>

使用是条用上面的类就就可以了.

PHP代码

<?php
$code = new clientGetObj;
$str1 = $code->getBrowse();//浏览器：
$str2 = $code->getIP();//IP地址：
$str3 = $code->getOS();//操作系统：
?>

分类: web编程标签: ip, php, 客户端, 操作系统, 浏览器

渴慕晨光

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修改Ubuntu启动菜单 - 使XP变为默认操作系统

php取得客户端(浏览器/IP/操作系统) 信息

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